Objective:Self-blame, rumination, and emotional suppression are among the cognitive and emotional processes associated with depressive symptoms. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between Self-blame, rumination, and emotional suppression in students experiencing depressive symptoms. Methods:A descriptive-correlational research design was employed. The study population consisted of graduate students at Afaq University, Urmia, during the 2023-2024 academic year. A sample of 60 participants was selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (WAI), and The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-26, and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated at a significance level of p<0.05. Results:The findings revealed significant correlations between Self-blame, rumination, and emotional suppression among students with depressive symptoms (p<0.05). Conclusion:Based on these results, it is suggested that implementing emotion regulation training through educational workshops could effectively reduce Self-blame and rumination in students exhibiting depressive symptoms.
Ashori, M. , Ghasemzadeh, S. and Safarpour, F. (2020). Investigating Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Psychology of Exceptional Individuals, 10(38), 117-142. https://jpe.atu.ac.ir/article_12104.html?lang=en
Ataei,B , Javadi,A A , Salehi,M , Mortazavi,R , Kassaian,N , Babak,A , Nokhodian,Z and Ataei,M . (2012). Relative Frequency of Depression and Anxiety in Chronic Hepatitis C Pa-tients. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 29(165), 2208-2220. https://jims.mui.ac.ir/article_13617.html?lang=en
Badan Firoz A, Makvand Hosseini S, Mohammadifar M A. (2017). The relationship of emotion regulation with depression and anxiety symptoms of university students: The Mediating Role of Mindfulness. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry; 4 (2) :24-38 http://shenakht.muk.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.html
Beck A.t, Steer R.A. (1996). manual for the beck depression inventory. san antonio, tx: the psychological corporation. www.doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
Dadfarnia S, Hadianfard H, Rahimi C, Aflakseir A. (2020). Predicting Depression Based on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies. The Journal of TOLOO-E-BEHDASHT.; 19 (1) :32-47. https://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-2947-en.html
Delavar, A. (2025). Research Methods in Psychology and Educational Sciences. Tehran: Ravan Publication. (In Persian).
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Psychometric features and prospective relationships with depression and anxiety in adults. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141
Gharadaghi, A. (2023). Investigating the Effect of Painting Therapy on Alexithymia and Emotional Suppression in Students. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 18(69), 205-210. https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13461.html?lang=en
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85 (2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
Parnian Khooy M, Basharpoor S, Atadokht A, Mikaeili N. (2025). A model of vulnerability to addiction in adolescents based on affective-emotional temperaments with the mediating role of sensitivity to rejection. Journal of Child Mental Health; 12 (2) : 7 http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-1522-en.html
Rahimi, F. and Asghari, A. (2024). Comparing the Effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy and Compassion-Based Therapy on Emotional Suppression and Self-Disclosure in Adolescents with Depression. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 18(72), 135-143. https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17344.html?lang=en
Scott, L. N., Pilkonis, P. A., Hipwell, A. E., Keenan, K., & Stepp, S. D. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury, suicide attempts, and emotional processes among adolescents: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.011
Taheri A, Marashi S A, Hamid N, Beshlideh K. (2022). The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Psychological Well-Being and Meaning in Life of Mothers of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disorders. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology; 28 (1) :20-33. https://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3308-en.html
Weinberger, D. A. (1971). Social – emotional adjustment in older children and adults: Psychometric properties of the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. http://www.selfdefiningmemories.com/WAI_Scoring_Manual.pdf
Farokhzadeh, E., Beyrampour, R. & Farhadi, M. (2026). The Relationship between Self-blame, Rumination, and Emotional Suppression in Students with Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Modern Psychology, 6(2), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.22034/jmp.2026.590456.1179
MLA
Farokhzadeh, E., Beyrampour, R., & Farhadi, M. "The Relationship between Self-blame, Rumination, and Emotional Suppression in Students with Depressive Symptoms", Journal of Modern Psychology, 6, 2, 2026, 46–54. doi: 10.22034/jmp.2026.590456.1179
HARVARD
Farokhzadeh, E., Beyrampour, R., & Farhadi, M. (2026). 'The Relationship between Self-blame, Rumination, and Emotional Suppression in Students with Depressive Symptoms', Journal of Modern Psychology, 6(2), pp. 46–54. doi: 10.22034/jmp.2026.590456.1179
CHICAGO
Farokhzadeh, E., Beyrampour, R. & Farhadi, M., "The Relationship between Self-blame, Rumination, and Emotional Suppression in Students with Depressive Symptoms." Journal of Modern Psychology, 6 2 (2026): 46–54, doi: 10.22034/jmp.2026.590456.1179
VANCOUVER
Farokhzadeh E., Beyrampour R., Farhadi M. The Relationship between Self-blame, Rumination, and Emotional Suppression in Students with Depressive Symptoms. JMP. 2026;6(2):46–54. doi: 10.22034/jmp.2026.590456.1179
