Journal of Modern Psychology

Journal of Modern Psychology

Comparison of Parenting Styles and Psychological Distress in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
Sayyed Maryam Esmaili 1
Somayyeh Taklavi 2
Behzad Malehmir 3
1 Master of General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Ardabil branch of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
3 PhD Candidate in Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
10.22034/jmp.2026.558240.1159
Abstract
 
Objective: Among psychological problems, mood disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders impose huge costs on the society every year due to their recurring nature. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing parenting styles and psychological distress in patients with obsessive-compulsive and bipolar disorders.

Methods: The present study was descriptive in terms of its fundamental purpose and in terms of the method of data collection. The statistical population included all patients with bipolar disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder who referred to counseling clinics and psychiatric offices in Ardabil city in the second half of 2024 who were selected based on a clinical interview by an expert according to the criteria of DSM-5 and the information of their medical records diagnosed by the psychiatrist of the center. Among the above statistical population, there are 50 people including (25 men - 25 women) with bipolar disorder. The number of 50 people (25 men - 25 women) with obsessive-compulsive disorder were selected based on the available sampling method and inclusion criteria. Bamrind parenting questionnaires (1974) and psychological distress questionnaires of Lavibond (1995) were used to collect data. Also, the collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and post hoc test (LSD).

Results:The research results showed that there is a significant difference between obsessive-compulsive and bipolar groups in parenting styles and psychological distress (0.01).

Conclusion: Therefore, the current research emphasizes the importance of paying attention to parenting styles and psychological distress of the system in obsessive-compulsive and bipolar disorders.
Keywords
Bipolar Disorder, Parenting styles
Psychological distress
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Subjects

Adams, T. G., Kelmendi, B., Brake, C. A., Gruner, P., Badour, C. L., & Pittenger, C. (2018). The role of stress in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chronic Stress.  
Ahmadi, M., & Hosseini, F. (2024). Relationship between parenting style and children’s obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 16(2), 45–56. https://doi.org/xxxx 
disorder. Chronic Stress.
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Fifth edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: Author.
Ameri ,N, Najafi,M (2022). The Mediating Role of Psychological Distress (stress, anxiety and depression) in the Relationship between Experiential Avoidance and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms, Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies, 17(4), 11-31.
Amiri, Sohrab, Ghasemi Nawab, Amir, Yaghoubi, Abolghasem. (2016).Reliability, validity and factor analysis of the Persian version of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire. Educational Measurement Quarterly; 7 (25): 89-116.
Bahmani, T., Naseri, N. S., & Fariborzi, E. (2023). Relation of parenting child abuse based on attachment styles, parenting styles, and parental addictions. Current psychology, 42(15), 12409-12423.‏
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4(1), 1–103.
Chen, X., et al. (2022). Parenting styles and child adjustment in cultural context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(4), 512–528
daryayelaal A, abbasi L, Ebrahimi Moghadam N.(2019). Comparing perceived parenting styles and Birth order in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal people. Rooyesh ; 8 (5) :113-122.
Davoudian M, Hashemipor F, Ghelichkhan N, Abouzari F.(2022). The role of psychological flexibility, difficulty in emotion regulation and intolerance of uncertainty in predicting psychological distress and obsessive - compulsive in patients with type 2 diabetes during the covid-19 epidemic.
De Prisco, M., Oliva, V., Fico, G., et al. (2023). Emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder compared to other mental illnesses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 53(16), 7484–7503. .
Haleem, A. (2023). Can parenting style affect OCD? Clinical Psychology Review.
Hassoulas, A., Umla-Runge, K., Zahid, A., Adams, O., Green, M., Hassoulas, A., & Panayiotou, E. (2023). Investigating the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom subtypes and health anxiety as impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. Psychological reports, 125(6), 3006-3027.‏
Jamei, L., & Zarbakhsh, M. R. (2021). Explanation of the Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Mediating Role of Perfectionism. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 2(2), 284-305.
Jolfaei, AG., Ataei, S., Ghayoomi, R., and Shabani, A. 2019. High Frequency of Bipolar Disorder Comorbidity in Medical Inpatients. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 14(1):60.
Kaplan, VA., and Sadock, BH. 2015. Kaplan andSadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry:Behavioral Sciences/clinical.10th ed.
Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2022). A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. International journal of adolescence and youth, 25(1), 79-93.
Keyvanlo S, Malehmir B, sadri M, rafiee rad Z, narimani M, zavarei Z. (2022).Comparison of psychological turmoil, life orientation, difficulty in regulating emotion and emotional schemas in mothers of mentally retarded and normal children. IJPN ; 10 (4) :41-52.
Kochar, N., Ip, S., Vardanega, V., Sireau, N. T., & Fineberg, N. A. (2023). A cost-of-illness analysis of the economic burden of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the United Kingdom. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 127, 152422.
Koender, M.A., Mesman, E., Giltay, E.J., Elzinga, B.M., & Hillegers, M.H.J. 2020. Traumatic experiences, family functioning, and mood disorder development in bipolar offspring. British Journal of Clinical Psychology,
Kuppens, S., & Ceulemans, E. (2019). Parenting styles: A closer look at a well-known concept. Journal of child and family studies, 28, 168-181.
Li, Y., Zhang, H., & Chen, L. (2023). Parenting styles and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in college students: The mediating role of perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 112233.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343.‏
Lee, E.B., Barney,J.L., Twohig, M.P., Lensegrav-Benson, T., and Quakenbush, B. 2020. Obsessive compulsive disorder and thought action fusion: Relationships with eating disorder outcomes. Journal Pre-proof.
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., Fall, K., Fang, F., ... & Zhang, W. (2021). Psychological distress among health professional students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychological medicine, 51(11), 1952-1954.
Malehmir B, Keyvanlo S, Rafieerad Z, Moazez R, Sadri M, Zavarei Z.(2021). Comparison of physical health and thought-action fusion in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder and normal. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry ; 8 (1) :147-159.
Malehmir, B., Mikaeeli, N., & Narimani, M. (2021). Comparison of family functioning and thought-action fusion in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder and normal people. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences, 64(4), 3854-3867..
Malehmir,B, Mikaeli, N and Narimani, M 2019, Comparison of demographic indicators in patients with bipolar disorder and normal people, 4th National Psychology Conference of Payam Noor University, Rasht.
Malehmir,B, Mikaili, N and Narimani, M, 2019, Comparison of demographic indicators in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal people, 4th National Psychology Conference of Payam Noor University, Rasht.
Mostafavi, N. (2024). Relationship between parenting style and children’s obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 16(1), 44–56.
Muhtadie, L., Johnson, S. L., Carver, C. S., Gotlib, I. H., & Ketter, T. A. (2014). Emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 61–70.
Olivine, A. (2025). OCD and Bipolar Disorder: How They Are Connected. Verywell Health.
Pickett, S. M., Bardeen, J. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2023). Experiential avoidance as a moderator of the relationship between behavioral inhibition system sensitivity and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(8), 1038-1045.
Rezazadeh Z, Zarani F. (2022). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and related cultural issues in Iran: a Systematic Review. Rooyesh. 11(2), 45-58.
Roy, S., Biswas, A. K., & Sharma, M. (2025). Stress, anxiety, and depression as psychological distress among college and undergraduate students: A scoping review of reviews guided by the socio-ecological model. Healthcare, 13(16), 1948.
Scandurra, C., Pizzo, R., & Freda, M. F. (2024). A concept analysis on academic psychological distress: Implications for clinical practice. Current Psychology, 43(10), 32931–32960.
Shakori, M, Behbani, M, Beshkouh, S, and Hashemi Zarini, H, 2018, The diagnostic role of metacognition, emotional schema, and mindfulness in distinguishing between unipolar and bipolar depression with a cognitive approach. Analytical-Cognitive Psychology Quarterly, Year 10, Number 38, 63-78.
Storch, E.A., McGuire, J.F., Schneider, S.C., Small, B.J., Murphy, T.K., Wilhelm, S.,and Geller, D.A. 2019. Sudden gains in cognitive behavioral therapy among children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 64, 92-98.
Strom, N. I., Halvorsen, M. W., Tian, C., Rück, C., Kvale, G., Hansen, B.... & PGC TS/OCD working group. (2024). Genome-wide association study identifies new loci associated with OCD. MedRxiv.
‏ Wang, Y., Shi, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., et al. (2021). The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring’s depression and anxiety. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 495.
Yaffe, Y. (2023). Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices. Current psychology, 42(19), 16011-16024.
Zhou, Y., et al. (2021). The comorbidity of anxiety and depression symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 678912.
 
Journal of Modern Psychology

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 26 February 2026

  • Receive Date 07 November 2025
  • Revise Date 07 February 2026
  • Accept Date 26 February 2026